There are two major elements that bring the Corvette mystique to life. First is power. Power animates the drivetrain and gets your Corvette moving so you can enjoy the thrust and handling enhancements you've made.
The other important engine-related element is fuel. No fuel means no go. Engine power is influenced by engine parameters such as induction-system design, combustion-chamber configuration, and exhaust. As a result of the Corvette engine's high-performance demands, not just any gasoline will do. The fuel you use should be tailored to match the power demands, so the engine can deliver maximum power throughout the rpm range. The most obvious topic of discussion concerning fuel demands is octane rating.
To learn more about octane basics, we interviewed Art Brown, technical operations manager at Sunoco Racing Fuels.
If you know your engine is...
If you know your engine is stock, go by the octane rating listed in the owner's manual. Typically, in the '60s and early '70s, compressions were 10:1. In the '80s, it was in the 8s. Recent Corvettes have higher compressions that are happy on 92-octane, thanks to engine electronics. If you run 100-octane Sunoco GT Unleaded, your engine-management system can provide you with additional power.
Simply stated, octane is a measure of a gasoline's antiknock quality or a fuel's resistance to pre-ignition or detonation. Pre-ignition occurs when the Air/Fuel (A/F) mixture is ignited before the spark occurs. Detonation is, by definition, A/F ignition at some location in the combustion chamber away from the plug. The higher the octane number, the higher a fuel's resistance to unintended combustion. Contrary to urban legend, octane isn't a measure of how fast fuel burns.
An engine's octane requirement is directly related to the engine's compression ratio, which is the ratio between the cylinder volume when the piston is at Bottom Dead Center (BDC) and when it's at Top Dead Center (TDC). If the volume at BDC is 1,000 cc, and at TDC it's 100 cc, the ratio would be 10:1. Mechanical items that can influence compression ratio are piston-to-deck clearance, piston dish, dome shape, head-gasket thickness, and combustion-chamber volume.
Compression is important for increasing power in naturally aspirated engines. When A/F is squeezed more tightly together, increased cylinder pressure results after ignition to create additional push on the piston during the power stroke. As the piston rises, the A/F mixture is compressed, which adds heat. If there is a hot spot in the combustion chamber, the mixture could be ignited prematurely before the spark plug fires. So, higher octane is the way pre-ignition or detonation can be controlled during the compression cycle.
One mechanical aspect that...
One mechanical aspect that affects compression is the piston top. A dish increases cylinder volume, which reduces compression. In contrast, a domed piston decreases volume and increases compression. If detonation occurs, the piston top, ring land, or rings can be physically damaged due to the excessive pressure shocks created by colliding flame waves.
An important concept to understand is that combustion is not an explosion. Ideally, it is a flame wave, initiated by the spark, which burns across the combustion chamber. This smooth burning generates the rapid rise in cylinder pressure during the power stroke.
Knock is the negative result when combustion occurs somewhere else in the cylinder, in addition to the plug. Like the spark-plug-initiated flame wave, the second wave expands so a collision between the wave fronts occurs. This collision produces a radical spike in cylinder pressure. Instead of a firm, even push down on the piston, the pressure spike hammers it down. This is strong enough that it can ultimately burn a piston, crack a piston ring or ring land, or a spark-plug electrode. These excessive pressure spikes can damage even engine bearings. When you hear a metallic rattle while driving, that is the sound of detonation and, in most cases, the cure is fuel with the correct octane.
No doubt, you've seen the "RON plus MON divided by 2" formula posted on fuel pumps. As Brown explains, there is the Research Octane Number (RON) and Motor Octane Number (MON). Together, this is the Anti-Knock Index (AKI).
Another mechanical piece influencing...
Another mechanical piece influencing octane needs is the combustion chamber. The smaller it is, the higher the compression ratio will be.
RON utilizes a single-cylinder, laboratory test engine running at 600 rpm with an 83-degree F. intake temperature. MON, on the other hand, utilizes a 900-rpm limit and a 300-degree intake temperature. Test data from these engines allows octane to be determined. Because the AKI is an average, you can have very different fuels produce the same AKI. A fuel with a 120 RON octane and a fuel with a MON 102 octane will deliver the same octane number as one with a 113 RON octane and a MON of 109. By blending different fuels, Sunoco can create a cost-effective gasoline with the desired octane.
Knock control was originally accomplished by adding tetraethyl lead. According to Brown, lead was the standard octane booster. He explains, "It does not bind with gasoline, but rather mixes with it." Using lead was a cheap and easy way to boost octane since all you had to do was pour and mix it in. Until the phase-out of lead starting in 1974 (due to toxic lead emissions), it was easy to get enough octane for your Corvette's engine.
If the head has been milled...
If the head has been milled or you don't know the chamber volume, you will have to cc it. This involves using a chemist's burette to fill the chamber with liquid and measure the volume used.
Over the past 25 years, compression ratios have climbed back up, thanks to a combination of refined combustion-chamber design characteristics and engine control electronics. Today you can increase compression and power, but remain detonation free with unleaded 92-octane fuel.
Today, Sunoco blends selected fuel stocks in order to achieve a desired octane rating, in addition to meeting EPA-mandated requirements for oxygenates and emissions-reducing formulation. "We formulate fuels with gasoline components as well as oxygenated components and blend them to 100 octane," Brown explains. "You're limited in the amount of octane you can acquire at a reasonable price through the use of hydrocarbon components and oxygenates. This limit is about 104 octane."